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Taxation is a powerful instrument to determine the fiscal policy of a nation and help to build up the economic structure of a country. Tax is a compulsory payment to the government.

Taxation is in the nature of a compulsory levy and there is no quid pro quo between the amount paid and the services provided by the government.

The primary purpose of taxation is the mobilization of resources and canalizing the same for productive investment. Taxation can also be used as a measure to promote equity and reduce disparities or to encourage or discourage consumption of particular items.

Tax structure in India

The system of taxation in India is very much primitive. For development of any nation and for civilization, imposition of tax within the framework of logical tax structure is utmost necessary. On this basis, system of taxation is broadly classified into two categories- Direct Taxes and Indirect Taxes. In fact, direct taxes include those taxes which the taxpayer pays directly on his income, wealth, etc. Direct taxes are mainly Central’s subject except professional tax and Agricultural Income-tax.

The difference between the two types of taxes is that in the case of direct taxes the burden or ‘incidence’ is borne by the tax-payers themselves whereas in the case of an indirect tax, the burden can be shifted to another person.

Authority to collect taxes is conferred on the Central and State Government by the Constitution of out country.

Another feature of the Indian tax structure is the tendency to increase the proportion of indirect taxes. This had come down drastically to 16% by 1991. However, there has been some improvement in the subsequent years. For the year 1998-99 the ratio between indirect and direct taxes was 70:30. It had improved to 62:38 in 2001-02. Even at this rate, the economic consequence is that the burden will fall disproportionately on the poorer section, as indirect taxes, especially on commodities, affect the poorer sections more.

It must, however, be admitted that India’s tax effort since independence has been quite appreciable. The tax to GDP ratio (centre and states together) was 6% in 1950-51. In rose to 11% by 1970-71. Compared to many developing countries, India’s record of resource mobilization through taxes has been satisfactory.

‘Tax’ refers to payment of fund to governmental authorities against which no direct benefits may be expected by the tax payers. The governmental authority of any modern country is found to require huge financial resources to discharge various functions. The functions done by modern government may be of two basic types which are- (i) compulsory functions and (ii) optional functions. Traditional compulsory functions refer to the areas of activities relating to the defence of the country and maintenance of internal law and order. To discharge these compulsory functions any modern government is required to maintain security and police forces. Huge financial resource is essentially required to discharge such functions. Optional functions refer to various activities relating to improvement of socio-economic conditions of the people. In relation to such areas of activities a modern government, based on social welfare concepts is required to spend huge fund for development of economic infrastructure in the form of road and railway development, power generation, telecommunication development, educational and health care development and even implementation of various schemes for development of agricultural and industrial sectors of the country.

Federal Tax Identification Number

All the business has its own image and entity and the tax identification number is used to identify this entity. Simply to be said that it is used to identify employer’s tax accounts. It is also known as Employer Identification Number (EIN) or Taxpayer Identification Number (TIN). The Federal Tax Identification Number or Employer Tax Identification Number or EIN is a nine digit number and it is used to fulfill most of your business needs. It is to be mentioned that, Internal Revenue Service (IRS) assigns the federal tax ID number to identify the business.

The employer, sole proprietor, trust, non profit organization, partnership or other business entities may use this tax ID number. One can easily apply for a new tax identification number though there is already an EIN, due to the changes of ownership or some certain circumstances.

Before applying for EIN either telephone or fax, you have to complete Form SS-4. The federal tax identification number is applied on online also. It is open an avenue to the customer. Therefore you have to fill the form and other necessary criteria through online. You can also collect your Tax ID Number through online. In this whole process there may not be need to registration. The application process is proceeds to fill up the form.

Last of all it is to be said that, a business need a Federal Tax Identification Number or Employer Tax Identification Number, so that they can maintain their own image or entity in the market. It is to be noted that, the tax ID number could not be transfer in case of the transferring of any business. If the structure or ownership would be changed then a new tax ID number is required for the business. But above all you have to collect the relevant information to get an EIN.

Forex trading can be a road to financial freedom or at least a great second income but 95% of traders fail not because they can’t achieve it but due to the errors contained in this article - avoid them and you can enjoy currency trading success…

Here are the key points you need to understand.

1. You are Responsible

You’re on your own and there is no one who will give you success. Forget the mentors gurus and systems who say they will make you rich, they won’t. You don’t get on the road to financial freedom buying a system from a vendor which has never been traded, that’s not life.

You need to do it on your own and if you do, then you will not only have the right knowledge to succeed but also confidence in what your doing, to have discipline to stick with your plan.

2. Why You Can Win

Everything about successful trading can be learned and this was proved to dramatic effect by trading legend Richard Dennis who taught a group people with no trading experience to trade in just 14 days and they went down as trading legends, earning hundreds of millions of dollars within a few years.

Dennis knew anyone could learn to trade and he proved it.

Sure you might not be as successful as his group but the opportunity is open to you.

3. Work Smart not Hard

You don’t get rewarded for effort you get rewarded for results generated from your trading signals.

To learn to trade should take you no more than a couple of weeks and your then all set to enjoy currency trading success in around 30 minutes or less a day.

The key is getting the right knowledge and building a simple robust forex trading strategy you understand and can apply with discipline.

4. Discipline and Money Management

Are the keys to earning big profits in forex trading.

Forex offers you the ability to leverage your investment dramatically and while this creates opportunity, it also creates risk. You must play great defence first like all good football teams look after the defence and the offence will create and take opportunities.

The forex market is no place for people who want to be right all the time - it’s not possible.

The market price is always right and only you can be wrong and you will be wrong a lot of the time but that wont stop you making a lot of money - just learn to keep your losses small and accept them cheerfully. Don’t worry the big profits will come.

Sounds simple yes in theory but don’t be deceived its still a challenge and this is obvious from the fact most traders lose but if you work smart and have the will to win forex trading offers you the road to financial freedom and its up to you to take it.

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The price of an average house in Florida was about $250,000! Realizing we would most likely be unable to afford those prices in the “Land of Paradise” aka Manatee County, we checked real estate prices in Oklahoma, found we actually could buy a house at a reasonable price — so we decided we were going to Oklahoma.

Well, that was easily said, so we took the ‘luxury’ of three whole days to look at everything Oklahoma had to offer. But, it was a rocky road, filled with bumps, turns and emotions!

The houses were either too big, too small, too run down, too many stairs, too pricey, had a too steep of a driveway, and on and on. Of course, the one I loved, was out of our budget, and here begins the downhill and disappointment of our home shopping venture.

DAY 1:

There was one house we called the “Racetrack” because at one time, it had a big beautiful in-ground swimming pool. But, the pool had been filled in with ground and left for weeds and patchy grass to grow wherever it pleased. The concrete rim was left for all to see, thus it looked like a racetrack. It did have a big master bedroom and an unusually huge living room. However, the kitchen needed a complete redo with all new appliances, and the yard was not cared for; the driveway was an uphill mountain, needed a new roof. The house did have two huge work/storage sheds that my husband loved.

Bottom line - I couldn’t see further than the needing run-down kitchen appliances, horrific cabinets, and the view of the ‘racetrack’ from the dining room window!

So, we continued on to another house (that I’m thinking we should have revisited) - but being disoriented and letting ourselves think the ‘pot of gold’ would be the next house, we passed it by.

This house had:

two living rooms,

a beautiful fireplace,

glassed-in lanai,

nice backyard,

not a great kitchen, but do-able,

large master bedroom,

large dining room,

Spanish-type windows (which I liked), and

a flat driveway.

But, we went on. After all this was only the second house, and there must be lots more to look at.

We looked at an absolutely huge - must have been 2,500 to 3,000 SF executive house:

great price,

great woodwork,

beautiful light fixtures,

a large stone fireplace,

a recreation room about the size of a football field,

an additional room (perhaps a poker or craft room)

lovely kitchen,

super large dining room, BUT

the bedroom had a bad odor,

the house needed new windows and a roof,

the rooms needed a lot of fixing,

the backyard was almost non-existent and needed lots of work, and

a two-car garage needing major repairs.

And, so, we continued on our journey to become even more confused and overwhelmed!

Finally we visited a house in a lovely neighborhood; the owner was an elderly widower. This house had:

professional window and wall treatments,

new looking carpet,

nice laundry room,

great kitchen and laundry room cabinets,

stone fireplace,

built-in bookcase, and

an unused wet bar.

The back porch was pretty small and unscreened, but

the backyard was fenced, and

there was a small storage shed,

the front yard was very nice and landscaped.

Now, keep in mind, we were tired, cold (it rained, constantly, all three days), and finding that our ideals were very different (although, we ‘thought’ we had discussed what we wanted). So, I’m irritated because my husband seemed to be interested only if the house had Jenn-aire appliances and storage sheds for an economy price. Me, on the other hand, wanted a big house, a big kitchen with new and/or updated appliances, lots of storage, a big master bedroom, and a screened lanai so my cats could enjoy the outdoors safely. All or a sudden, we were 360 degrees from each other!

But, we compromised and made an offer on the house owned by the widower, and called it a day.

DAY 2:

The next morning, my husband informed me he changed his mind and liked the “Racetrack” house better because of the two storage sheds. I hated the kitchen and the backyard with that damned concrete racetrack, and we both hated the driveway. But we both liked the big bed and living rooms. So, we pulled the offer on the widower’s house and moved it to the Racetrack house.

During all this stress and hullabaloo, I developed a dental problem! Wonderful - my dentist was more than 1,200 miles away! I called my periodontist and he said for me to be in his office immediately upon my return (luckily I was not having any pain). The news was not good - but, then I already expected the worst. He said the tooth could not be saved and I would need an implant. Now, implants are not sold at the 5&10-cent store - and, are NOT covered by insurance. So to make a long story short, I was looking at $3,500 for the crown work, and another $8,500 for the extraction, bone grafting, and implant foundation! Like, oh yeah, no problem, I carry that around just for the Hell of it! Then to find out, the process would take about 6 months, and we were leaving the area less than two months from now! So, I still have the tooth and hope it won’t cause any problems until I can find another periodontist and implant specialist in Oklahoma. You know - when it rains ….

But, I’m getting ahead of myself. So, now, we are back in Florida after a 3-day whirlwind house hunting trip. Instead of becoming closer to each other, it seems we’ve only added additional frustration, financial hardship, and barriers between us. This was not supposed to be how I had thought it would go. Of course, being the eternal “dreamer,” I live in a Cinderella world; A world flanked by fluttering butterflies, daisies swaying in the breeze, and a prince charming on a white steed.

The offer on the “Racetrack House” was turned down. Their counter offer was way out of line without any room for negotiation. We offered again, but that too was turned down. Actually, I was hoping they would decline on our offers, because as I said, I did NOT like the place.

We asked the Realtor if the widower’s house was still available. He confirmed that it was, and we pursued a new path. Since the place appeared to be in great shape, we agreed to the seller’s asking price with the stipulation that the house passed home and roof inspections.

The house passed, however, the roof had met it’s expected life expectancy and could need a new roof in 3-5 years. The insurance company would not insure the house, which meant we could not get the loan. What next? But, to our surprise, the seller agreed to replace the roof! He also agreed to a 1-year home warranty protection plan, and assumed responsibility for the closing costs.

There was a BIG mix-up with the mortgage lender and us. They claimed they were unaware that we would not be present for the closing, however, we told them all this when we were in their office! The closing date was missed and had to be extended because they didn’t get the paperwork to us on time! This in turn caused us to be thrown into a higher APR bracket - we were not happy campers. To make a very long story a bit shorter, the roof was replaced, the loan granted, and we closed on the house in June 2007.

So, here we are, homeowners! Yeah, homeowners but living more than 1,300 miles from the house! I’m not sure, but I believe there’s something wrong with this picture.

Okay, so the move is scheduled to happen in July 2007 - that’s one and one-half months AFTER we closed on the house! The delay in our leaving Florida was because there was a painful lump in my left breast that had to be surgically removed.

In February 2007, I had breast surgery, and it appears during the healing process there was a glob of tissue that died. This mass turned to concrete (or at least that’s what it felt like), and had to be removed.

Okay, so that’s over, and then our blood-sucking van (purchased when we were apparently brain-dead) decided to suck another cup of green blood from our savings account.

Not to be out done, the car decided to get into the action and exploded its air conditioning compressor! Yep, exploded and bent the frame! So, secretly, the Big Blue Loser and the Silver Sword are in competition to see who can get the most attention and suck out the biggest bucket of George Washington’s blood!

Okay, so we’re down to two days before the movers get here! We’ve been packing, and packing, and there’s even more packing to be done! We have over 100 boxes and still counting! Unpacking is going to be a real joy - I can see it all now! Paper will be stacked to the ceiling, and the chore of breaking down the boxes will be a 24/7 job! Sugar (one of our cats) is going to love the boxes, and Teddy (the other cat) is going to love the paper — however, we’ll need to watch carefully just what we throw out - it could be the cats!

Okay, mover’s have come and gone, we are tired, grumpy, sweaty and hungry - but look out Oklahoma, here we come!

http://MenopauseRelief.walkinsarewelcome.com

For most people in America the dream was always about owning a home, having 2.3 kids, a good paying job, and the best looking car in the neighbourhood. All surrounded by a cute white picket fence. But recent economic changes are turning this dream into a nightmare for many.

Data from the United States Census Bureau, shows an increasing number of homeowners are spending more and more of their hard earned incomes on housing. Incomes that have failed to keep up with inflation and are being stretched more and more each day by basic needs.

All of this is creating a huge problem for home buyers, most of who are now priced out of housing market. Rising home prices, higher interest rates, and stagnant wages have all combined to create an unfriendly environment for prospective home buyers.

Almost everyone is in agreement that the housing “bubble” was on the verge of bursting with housing prices up a devastating 32 percent since the start of this decade, when the economy collapsed.

On the other hand, the corporations have done a very good job of making sure that wages did not keep up with the steadily rising economy. In fact the average income has actually dropped by 2.8 percent, while everything else has risen over the past 7 years, leaving the working class with less buying power than ever before.

The worst news has to be the fact that most people now have to spend more than 30%, and in some cases as much as 50% of their income on housing. This means that the average American has much less disposable income for daily living, to stimulate economic growth, proving that 30% or more of their income consumed just for housing is excessive and definitely not financially healthy.

What this means is that the American economy is in trouble. We are currently living in the results of this unbalanced economy. Most experts predict that until the average income is changed to reflect that actual cost of living and catches up to housing costs, the financial market will remain lifeless and in shambles. Real estate is a significant part of the economy and has always been one of the biggest drivers to overall financial health. That translates to mean that a weak real estate market will result in a weak economy, especially when compounded with weak buying power of the average consumer.

This situation appears to be the worst in California. This is because California has the most expensive real estate of any state in the nation, and almost 50 percent of working California homeowners loses more than 30% of their income to housing related expenses, causing weak economic growth throughout the rest of the state. This weak economic growth results in fewer people wanting to live there and even fewer opportunities for those who do.

The cold hard fact is that until the income of average American workers can be encouraged to rise as quickly as all the other expenses consumers face such as real estate, food, gas, and power. This trend will continue and shows no signs of turning around unless something drastic happens to increase consumer buying power. This means that the current financial turmoil could last much longer than anyone has predicted.

Don has been a financial consultant for over 20 years and tries to provide valuable information for people in difficult times. As someone who has been there. He supports a website called http://helpinhardtimes.com as a way for people to get their lives back on track and possibly even make the money they need to make it through rough times.

The Armed Forces always believed that subordination of the troops to the command was essential. If there were strictly enforced rules of behaviour it was maintained, then the soldier next to you would be able to rely on you performing according to drill during the times when the battle made everything else unpredictable.

At what stage does a strong command based culture change into a bully culture? Or does it change. Is the ‘ you will follow orders no matter what’ not inherently the characteristic of a bully culture. This question came up in an interesting article in the UK Independent.

Facebook and MySpace are again in the line of attack. This time the UK Ministry of Defence (MoD) have their sights on the social networking sites. The problem for the MoD is the fact that members of these online communities have shared their experiences in the Iraq and Afghanistan wars. Those that have been sharing, have been military personnel.

What is concerning the MoD is the bad publicity the Department is getting through a series of negative stories which paint an unflattering picture of troops having to cope with faulty equipment, bad accommodation and lousy pay.

It was interesting to see how the MoD has decided to react. The MoD, according to the article, has warned that more discipline and greater enforcement of the military code of conduct will be required in order to tackle this insubordination of the troops. One need not be that surprised at this.

What the MoD is proposing is to court martial armed forces personnel who use the internet to publish unauthorised videos and photographs or to complain about the conditions they are experiencing. It could also mean dismissal from the army.

Once the strong arm tactics have put paid to the bad publicity, then the MoD thinks it should use the same internet facility to put a good spin on the activities it is involved in. With other words watch out for the MoD’s page on Facebook promoting their campaigns, right next to the ones where members are agitating against the wars.

Of course there is no reason why the MoD shouldn’t be able to promote their side of the story on these sites. But it seems that the Department thinks it can control the content that users post on the internet. This is absurd. The more the MoD will want to control the information published on the internet, the more the users will rally behind the private publishers of information.

I suppose an organisation whose reasons for existence is to beat the daylights out of its enemies will think that controlling a few naughty citizens will be a stroll in the park. Is there any doubt in the minds of people who know their way around the internet, what the outcome of this will be? Me neither.

Anja Merret lives in Brighton, UK, having moved across from South Africa just over a year ago.

She now looks after the business interests of her daughter who is a Flash Developer and Accessibility expert. She started a blog at the beginning of the year under the heading of chatting to my generation. Although she is chatting to the baby boomer generation, she sometimes feels that all generations have the same issues to face, they just don’t have hearing aids or walking sticks!

One of her pet peeves is the war in Iraq and in fact anything that causes innocent people to get hurt. But she also loves tech stuff, although only as an amateur. She considers herself a Silver Surfer Gadget Geek. She is even considering queuing for an iPhone in the UK later on in the year. But her daughter has offered, so she will only be taking hot food to the Brighton Geeks waiting in line.

Her musings may be found on http://www.anjamerret.com . Her observations on personal power and self-development may be found on http://www.pinkblocks.com

Under a Ministry of Defence (MOD) scheme, 300,000 personnel in the armed forces are being offered life assurance. Before this scheme the forces found it difficult and expensive to get insurance because of the dangerous nature of their jobs.

This new scheme will provide cheap life insurance offered by Sterling Life, any major losses are to be underwritten by the government. Service Life Insurance (SLI) will be available immediately to regular and reservist personnel.

The SLI cover is being offered regardless of the likelihood of the person seeking a policy being involved in combat. It will not cost extra for service men and women who are at greatest risk of facing combat situations, however smokers will be penalised, facing more costly premiums.

The premiums will be paid in the same way as everyday life insurance cover, premiums will be priced from £5 per month upwards and terminal illness cover is included as with many standard insurance policies. The maximum life cover is being set at £200,000.

Managing director of Sterling Life, John Blundell said: “The premium levels will be in line with those enjoyed by the civilian population.” The life cover is guaranteed for up to 25 years, previously to this scheme insurers would either refuse life cover for service personnel or hike up premiums or only insure with big get-out clauses.

Personnel who are already on duty in Iraq and Afghanistan will also be offered the opportunity to join this scheme.

Between 10,000 and 15,000 armed forces personnel are expected to take out policies during the first year of the scheme. Alan Ingram, armed forces minister said: “It gives our personnel the option to take out life insurance cover that is tailor-made to reflect the unique nature of what they do.

“Cover is available to each and every serviceman or woman across every unit, ship and regiment at every stage of their career.”

Until this scheme, if personnel were killed on duty their family would only have the MOD’s compensation scheme to rely upon, due to the high prices of life insurance policies for the forces only a handful possessed life insurance policies. This meant that if the worst happened the family left behind could be left in financial trouble, supported only by a minimal MOD pay-out.

Recently there have been complaints from families of service personnel who have been killed during active service, about the small amounts of compensation paid and bureaucratic problems with receiving back dated pay. In 2005 this resulted in the government increasing its death in service payouts for armed forces.

Ingram said of the policy: “The Service Life Insurance is a voluntary scheme designed to complement and reinforce what we already provide, to give personnel the independent option to take out life insurance cover that is tailor-made; that reflects the unique nature of what they do; cover that is available to each and every serviceman or woman across every unit, ship or regiment at every stage of their career, whatever their job, wherever they are; an insurance scheme without war or terrorism exclusions.”

This life insurance policy is so unique because it covers worldwide war and terrorism risks, it does not require medical examinations or lengthy application forms, does not load premiums for people in certain trades or engaging in service-recognised hazardous sports.

To be eligible for this policy you must be a member of the reserves forces and be aged between 18 and 55 when taking out the policy. Benefits include automatic acceptance, no war or terrorism exclusion when on duty, and immediate cover from when the application form is received.

Jemma is an author of several articles pertaining to Life Insurance. She is known for her expertise on the subject and on other Business and Finance related articles.

Golf course fronting estates became popular in the 1980s, and have since become a common feature of suburban America. Golf-front living can offer some excellent benefits such as outstanding views, having access to your favorite hobby in an instant, a quality home in a safe neighborhood of other quality homes, and, most often, like-minded neighbors. However, there are also some draw-backs. Deciding what is right for you means getting informed and analyzing your priorities.

There is a difference between golfing communities. Some are focused around the course, while others are residential neighborhoods foremost, with the course as a side benefit. Further, a surprising number of golf-front residents don’t even play golf. While the idea of the typical golf-front real estate owners is retirees and golf-fiends, many younger families choose these neighborhoods for their safety, beauty and quality. They are buying a lifestyle, and a home with excellent appreciation value.

However, depending on where your home is situated, there is the obvious risk of stray business ending up in your yard, or worse, through your window. Some golf community residents have even been known to be bothered by golfers coming partnership their property to retrieve partnership But in general, these risks are worth the benefit of living in such an amazing and valuable location.

Of course (pun intended), not all homes are right on the green. There will be lovely homes across the street and within a few blocks of the actual course which still offer the convenience of the close proximity to the course and the great neighborhood, but without the risk of stray balls and trespassing golfers. Although there’s always a trade-off , as the views aren’t likely to be as lush in these homes.

If you do purchase golf-front property, look for insurance policies that give a good rate for unlimited window replacement. In general, knowing the risks of an area makes you responsible for any damage done, however, some clubs have been forced to pay for damages, or erect safety fences or nets in extreme circumstances. A responsible course developer should take the risks into account, and minimize them throughout the design of the course. If specific course features make your home consistently a dangerous area, or if the course was redesigned after your home was built, putting it more at risk, consider requesting help from the course owners to minimize your risk. However, if the stray balls are purely accidental, accept the risk and pay for good insurance. Buying a home behind a green, or right next to a tee box, as opposed to a few yards up from it, may allow you to avoid the highest risk of having your home visited by stray balls. Further, there is some evidence that homes on the right side of the fairway are more often hit by erroneously sliced balls.

When weighing the pros and cons of a golf community, consider association fees, and also rules and regulations associated with living there. Also, assuming you’re a golf-lover, be sure you love the course-otherwise you miss out on the advantage of living so close.

Finally, when considering a golf-front home, don’t buy sight unseen. Considering the risks, and benefits, of certain areas, it is best to know exactly where your home is situated before committing your hard earned money to it.

Joshua Sloan is your San Diego real estate agent at http://www.SanDiegoRealEstateBuzz.com If you’re looking for Rancho Santa Fe real estate for sale, Joshua can help.