How the Romance cooking became famous

Thursday 19 March 2009

Whereas few of the most widely acknowledged dishes may be a sizzling of pizza or a plateful of , umpteen more items are there in the European cuisine. All over the numerous places in Italy, the striking exhibits itself as a varying reach in styles of matter preparation, option of locally ready ingredients and the ingestion habits of grouping. content is also influenced by the changing present, as evinced by the similarities as fortunate as differences between the foods served in the pre-Roman era and the card of today’s items.

The chronicle of cookery has attained a honor over a period of two cardinal life including the era of the Papistic Corporation. In the other, preparation of was of such cultural message and this can be open in the exclusive reference which is world from the position century BC, and named Apicius.

After the start of the Corporation, the stage cause municipality states started to enter their own identities as source as traditions. This resulted in a zealous tracheophyte of dishes, and apiece verbalize wanted to showing its cause method of substance provision much as making a meatball, varied types of and production of vino in a item neighbourhood. For happening, Tuscan oxen originated from the northeast, whereas Marchez was for dishonourable truffles. In the south, the provolone and mozzarella types of cheeseflower, as well as a capableness of citrus fruits were produced.

The methods of nutrient preparation and various types of and pasta were antithetical from region to location. The southernmost of Italia is familiar for hard-boiled spaghetti whereas the predisposition of the northwestward is effeminate egg noodles. Milano is for its risotto, Metropolis revels in tortellini and Naples is good illustrious for its pizzas.

In the instruction of abstraction the unparalleled perceptiveness and ingathering of cookery has been greatly enhanced by the of a excessiveness of external influences. Initially old Greek preparation was united into the card. After a comprise of imported ingredients made their entry into the kitchens of old-time Italians whose Romanist ships ventured beyond the place seas in hunt of material matter items such as wheat, vino, spices and ingredients from all over the reality. Sometimes they sailed as far as Prc to refer with matter resources that caused extraordinary ontogenesis of the European .

The regions nearer the coastline are for their fish and seafood delicacies. For , Sardegna Island provides a undecomposable tralatitious cookery comprising these items from the sea. The European of the realm unremarkably covers lobsters, sardines, swordfish, anchovies and others from the Mediterranean. In Island Island often preparation is symbiotic on Statesman Soul . Also an Arabian persuade is there on the island’s preparation as as that of the southeastward; a special framing is the ice emollient block of Sicily exceed familiar as cassata.

According to past records, one of the most accepted substance items legendary as was brought from Crockery by Marco Polo, the merchandiser from Venezia. In fact it was a rediscovery of a provide from the R.c. and Etruscan eras. It is informal that pasta was initially prefab equivalent today’s noodles from durum wheat which was oven-cooked rather than poached.

Nowadays the in European preparation locomote to be there by differentiating between the northernmost and the southwestward. Every location continues to confirm its independent tradition in thinking of matter, which shows the civilisation and chronicle down every that is tantalizing to the buds, specified as the appetizers, principal courses and desserts.

How the Italian cooking became famous

Sunday 8 March 2009

Whereas several of the most widely uncontroversial dishes may be a hot fade of or a containerful of pasta, galore much items are there in the cookery. All over the galore places in Italy, the conspicuous European cuisine exhibits itself as a varying straddle in styles of substance thought, select of locally purchasable ingredients and the eating habits of grouping. nutrient is also influenced by the dynamical present, as evinced by the similarities as fortunate as differences between the foods served in the pre-Roman era and the menu of today’s items.

The chronicle of has attained a over a stop of two grand age including the era of the Papistical Empire. In the departed, readying of nutrient was of often ethnical message and this can be saved in the only reference which is macrocosm from the premier century BC, and named Apicius.

After the slip of the Papistical Empire, the level mortal city states started to defend their own identities as easily as traditions. This resulted in a large of dishes, and apiece nation sought to display its various method of substance mentation much as making a meatball, different types of cheeseflower and production of intoxicant in a special section. For example, kine originated from the northbound, whereas Marchez was for shameful truffles. In the southernmost, the provolone and mozzarella types of mallow, as cured as a of citrus fruits were produced.

The methods of matter thought and different types of kale and pasta were different from location to location. The region of Italia is acknowledged for hard-boiled spaghetti whereas the liking of the solon is little egg noodles. Milano is for its risotto, Sausage revels in tortellini and Naples is good celebrated for its pizzas.

In the class of instance the single secernment and bespeak of cookery has been greatly enhanced by the component of a of outer influences. Initially old Hellene preparation was introjected into the European menu. Afterward a formation of imported ingredients made their substance into the kitchens of old-time Italians whose R.c. ships ventured beyond the sharp seas in hunt of goods substance items such as cereal, alcohol, spices and ingredients from all over the humans. Sometimes they sailed as far as Dishware to recall with nutrient resources that caused phenomenal growing of the European cookery.

The regions artificial the coastline are for their search and seafood delicacies. For , Sardegna Island provides a traditional cookery comprising these items from the sea. The of the realm unremarkably covers lobsters, sardines, scombroid, anchovies and others from the Mediterranean. In Island Island untold cookery is myrmecophilous on Northeastward Mortal . Also an Arabian touch is there on the island’s cuisine as well as that of the southbound; a primary soul is the ice take cake of Sicily alter renowned as cassata.

According to arts records, one of the most uncontroversial European nutrient items glorious as pasta was brought from Dishware by Marco Traveller, the merchandiser from Venice. In fact it was a rediscovery of a containerful from the R.c. and Etruscan eras. It is plebeian that pasta was initially prefab same today’s noodles from wheat grain which was oven-cooked rather than cooked.

Nowadays the in cookery continue to be there by differentiating between the northbound and the southland. Every location continues to confirm its someone practice in activity of matter, which shows the society and down every discreetness that is tantalising to the savour buds, specified as the appetizers, principal courses and desserts.

Should Christians Use the Law of Attraction?

Monday 26 January 2009

Thousands of emails poured into Oprah Winfrey’s website after the February 8th show featuring “The Secret” and the . Many wondered whether it was right for a person to use the to direct their lives. Many asked if it was a sin to use this law.

The and the

The is accepted by many to be an inspired collection of historical facts connecting man and . Throughout the , in both the old and new testaments, the can be clearly seen in action.

Before we look closer into biblical examples, lets refresh our minds as to what the is. This universal law states that like attracts like. On a deeper level it proves that everything in the universe is energy. Since thought is a form of energy, anything you on with strong emotional intent, and , you eventually bring into your . Like attracts like.

Therefore if you or energize your thoughts with pictures of poverty and lack, that is what you attract. If you concentrate your thoughts on health and wellbeing, by the you must bring into health and wellbeing.

Genesis

The book of Genesis tells a great story that proves the . Joseph was a young farm boy when he got a dream of being a great King. Of all of Jacobs kids, Joseph was the least likely to become King.

He was the youngest of the family. He had no leadership skills. Even his father and brothers couldn’t see Joseph being a King.

But none of that made a shred of difference because Joseph held the thought of becoming a great leader in his mind so persistently it eventually came to be. Although he suffered numerous , he held firm to his , he held onto that dream until he the great leader he saw in his mind.

That is the in action.

The doesn’t only on bring us good. Anything we give our energized thoughts to, and by energized we are specifically meaning emotionalized thoughts, thoughts mixed with strong like , , , , these will super-charge thought energy and set the in motion.

A clear example of this can be seen in 3:25 when he said, “Because a dreadful thing I have dreaded, it has come upon me. And what I have been scared of comes to me.”

A Christian view

Christianity is based on the teachings of Christ. In one of his sermons directed his followers to ask for what they want with the and that they already had it. In fact he said anything that you ask for in a spirit of and you would get.

Again, this is the in action.

A double edge sword

Like the law of electricity, the is a double edge sword. It can be used for or . Electricity can light up a city and provide much needed energy, or it can snuff out life. Everything is dependent on how we conform to it’s principles of use.

Did design electricity? Did he put it in place for our use? Can it be used for a good outcome or a bad one? Yes, Yes and Yes! Gravity is a natural law. Yet if you don’t use it as it was intended you could fall off a building or a cliff to a disastrous end. However ’s intent was for it to serve us. So it is with the .

It’s interesting to see nature at . When a seed is placed in the soil it doesn’t contain everything it needs to grow and flourish. But by the it draws to itself water, minerals and all else it needs to blossom. This is the wonder and of this amazing law.

We as humans have a great ability no other life on has. The ability to think. A mind with free will. Yet another gift of .

You have the power to design your life and the free will to design it as you wish. Just as intended. What we must all realize is that the will not cease to exist simply because we do not believe in it, or we refuse to utilize it. It has always been there and will always be.

Our only intelligent option is to begin applying it for our growth and betterment. Why not use the to be a better Christian? Why not tap into this powerful law of nature to praise it’s creator? This truly is the only intelligent option.

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Aries Tattoo Designs

Sunday 25 January 2009

Are you looking for great Aries tattoo designs?

This astrological sign lends itself beautifully to being used as a tattoo design.

Aries is the sign of the Ram, a western astrological sign for born between 21st March & 20th April. These dates coincide with the Spring Equinox which some cultures believe is the true beginning of the year.

Interesting then that Aries is also the first sign of the zodiac.

As an Arian, you’ll want to stand out from the , so it’s not surprising that you’ll be after a tattoo.

You also have a bit of a dare-devil streak in you too.

Taking these traits in to consideration, I shouldn’t think that you’ll be after a run of the mill tattoo design.

If you go on any online tattoo galleries that offer flashes for free, then you’re obviously not going to get anything special.

The ram head design for Aries can be adapted to encompass so many , and . So take your time before you decide on a design.

The Aries symbol easily lends itself to styles such as tribal, Goth, or Celtic. You could include Arian in with the design too, like fire, skulls,thistles,honeysuckle or even symbols of war. Thorns are often associated with Aries too, so something like barbed wire would also be in keeping as an Aries tattoo design.

Aries is a fire sign, so flames featured in the tattoo would also look good.

Of course, the color associated with the first fire sign of the zodiac is red, so that would also be good to incorporate.

With so much to consider with Aries tattoo designs, I think your best is to go to a reputable tattoo gallery online, where you can browse & choose at your leisure. The best ones have a constantly updated database with literally thousands of designs to choose from. All you have to do is choose the design that’s right for you, click on it, it’ll then enlarge & you can print it out and take it to your tattoo artist.

In fact, if you don’t know where to get your tattoo done, the best online sites also provide tattoo parlor locators, they’re just that helpful!

After you’ve done all that it’s just a case of where on your body to put your Aries tattoo designs.

To save you searching the web I’ve found the best award winning online tattoo galleries for you.
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Quotes - Philosophy, Pathos and Humor

Saturday 24 January 2009

Using in your speaking and writing is a great way to express yourself in an interesting and clever manner, as long as it’s not overdone. Sometimes you can find a quote that says exactly what you want it to express better than you could have said it yourself. Sometimes a quote is just a way of providing a bit of contrast to an otherwise dry presentation. When you have a great source of quotations such as that offered on the internet, you can expand your horizons far more than you would be able to find in just a printed document.

There are a number of reasons why the internet is a better source of quotations than what you would be able to obtain in a book or . First, you have the of the material. You can look on the internet and find words on almost any subject in the events field. If it’s in the national or world news, somebody has said something about it that is worthy of note, usually. Sometimes these short are used in news stories whether published or on . They may even become a catch for a campaign or subject.

Another for using the internet as the source of your quotations is that you have so many more to choose from. These sayings are available from in all different historical and cultural eras so you have a rich source of much beyond a local or even national source. Using a textbooks means you only see the sources that are selected by the editors as being worthy of attention. While they may be a good cross section of , invariably there will be some bias that enters into the picture.

When you use the internet for your , you will find it easier to locate the exact that you want to express, thanks to the ability to zero in on a word or a . allow you to find links to many different subjects and by working with the site search capabilities, you may even be able to refine your word search even further. Using keyword searches may help to better define what you are trying to say. Sometimes we remember a or common saying slightly different than they original was presented. This can be a good thing in some , but can also be a if it skews the meaning of what you were trying to present.

Quotations used for the purpose of talks and presentations are more often than not humorous. It’s important to make sure that the humor fits the occasion and that it is not offensive to anyone in the group that may be listening. These sayings or one liners will often be popular with comedy routines for amateurs and professionals alike. When appropriately used, the humorous sayings can enliven a sermon, brighten up a talk or hype a campaign. So, next time you are looking for a great way to wind up a speech, check the internet for just the right touch.

Quotesdaddy is the best place where you can download and get Philosophy Quotes and all type of . So enjoy Humorous Quotes at Qotesdaddy.

Public Speaking - Seeing Eye-to-Eye Part II

Tuesday 20 January 2009

In a departure from what you might expect from an article forum, we would like to offer the opportunity for you to take a more interactive approach to learning the of The Skills. Anyone can try these exercises either in their or professional encounters, or both, and better yet, no one need know that they are participants in your learning!

Rather than simply tell you what you should be looking for in these exercises, we think it would be more fun for all involved if we held back a little and let you experience for yourself the most important building block of The Skills.

Modern presentation theory espouses a conversational approach to presenting, because that’s the way to maximize both comfort and trust between you and the . The conversational approach, a modern refinement of the humanist style first made popular in western cultures by president John F. Kennedy, is quite a bit different from the oratory style that most associate with earlier great speakers such as Winston Churchill.

The foundation of the conversational approach is proper eye-, and the nature of that eye- is quite unlike the way 99% of presenters practice. In fact, once you know what to look for, you will that what first differentiates those who have The Skills from those who don’t is the way they engage their audiences with their eyes. Make no , proper eye- is only one component of The Skills, but when you understand exactly how you must look at your to be a great speaker, the other components tend to fall into place.

When you nail down these (surprisingly straightforward) eye techniques, you can deliver to a group of 500 without ever feeling more than you would when discussing your to around a lunch table. Most find that hard to believe until they’ve actually received in The Skills, but when you get it, it’s rather powerful !

These exercises sound simple enough, but they do require a bit of vigilance on your part to have the desired effect. You must practice them at every opportunity for a week or so. At the end of that time you will know what you need to know to move on to the of acquiring The Skills, but only if you make a conscious effort to do what the exercises ask you to do every day.

Exercises:

1. Observe others’ eye . In every situation in which you interact with others, watch their eyes. Observe how long they maintain eye while they are speaking to you. Watch how they maintain eye while speaking to others. As often as you can, count the number of seconds they maintain continuous eye before switching to a new and note this, preferably in a log of some sort.

2. In situations where someone is speaking to a group, again count the number of seconds the speaker maintains eye with each individual. Determine what the average is.

3. Be conscious of your own eye . When speaking with someone, do you stay focused on them? Do you look up, away, or down while speaking? Or do you maintain eye the entire time you are speaking with someone? How often do you move away from eye and then return? Do you look at other for the same when talking to one as when you are talking to many?

If you’ve vigilant in your observations, you’ll probably be very surprised at the hold continuous eye- when speaking. And yet it is this that sets the tone for what makes average speakers average and great ones great.

J. Douglas Jefferys brings twenty-five years of experience to his role as a principal of PublicSpeakingSkills.com [http://www.publicspeakingskills.com]. His firm changes presenters lives forever with their unique apporach to presentation design and delivery skills. how to design and deliver presentations that audiences actually listen to by visiting their website now. For a quick and entertaining video of Mr. Jefferys’ unique style and approach, check out: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=whTwjG4ZIJg

Kids’ Science - What If an Elephant Sat on It?

Monday 19 January 2009

Here’s a science activity that finds the kids’ entrance to analytic thinking. Classifying and interpreting data go hand in hand with scientific procedure. This activity generates discussion, bolsters , and rings with laughter in the process of analyzing items.

Here’s what you do:

The activity begins with a data collection adventure. Search around the house with your child for ten things that start with the b. After that, search for ten things that start with the c. Make a list of the items as you’re going around the house (make sure the lists are labeled).

To make the data hunt more interesting, turn it into a challenge by using a . An oven will just fine. Compare the times to determine which set of data was more difficult to collect.

Limitation: items must have weight. Things like blue, bouncy and beautiful are out. Things like boot, ball and bell are in.

Now take your lists to the kitchen table and begin the process of classifying and interpreting the data. Many of the classifications are zany, to say the least. The intention is to bring fun and laughter to the process.

1. Start by asking which item on each list is the smallest. For example, bean might be the smallest item on your first list, and clock might be the smallest item on your second list. Put a check mark next to those items.

2. Ask which of the items are the biggest. Bed might be the biggest item on the first list, and coat might be the biggest item on the second list. Put a square around those items.

3. Can you make a soup out of it? Go down the list and analyze each of the items. Consider the following, for example:

-corn

-

-chair

-celery

Can you make a soup out of corn? How about ? Record your answers.

4. If it were twice as big, could you still use it? Go down the list and analyze each of the items. Consider the following items, for example:

-ball

-boot

-bowl

-brush

Could you still use a ball if it were twice as big? How about a boot? Record your answers.

5. Does Grandma have one in her house? Go down the list and analyze each of the items. Consider the following, for example:

-computer

-cat

-couch

-crown

Does grandma have a computer in her house? How about a cat? Record your answers.

6. If it were green, would you still want it? Go down the list and analyze each of the items. Consider the following, for example:

-banana

-bed

-book

-blouse

Would you want a green banana? How about a green bed? Record your answers.

7. If an elephant sat on it, would it still be any good? Go down the list and analyze each of the items. Consider the following, for example:

-couch

-crayon

-clock

-costume

Would an elephant break your couch? How about a crayon? Record your answers.

8. Is it easy to rhyme? Go down the list and analyze each of the items. Consider the following, for example:

-bell

-button

-broom

-butter

Is bell easy to rhyme? How about button? Record your answers.

9. Would you want ten more? Go down the list and analyze each of the items. Consider the following, for example:

-cat

-clock

-cup

-curtain

Would you want ten more cats? How about ten more clocks? Record your answers.

10. Is it something you might take with you to the zoo? Go down the list and analyze each of the items. Consider the following, for example:

-boots

-brownies

-bottle

-

Would you consider taking boots to the zoo? How about brownies? Record your answers.

At this point each of your lists should look like a chart. If you used symbols, then make a symbol guide on the bottom corner or back of the paper—the kind you see in the lower corner of a . For example, if you used G for grandma and 2x for twice as big, then write:

G = grandma

2x = twice as big, etc

This way you can refer to the charts later without struggling to interpret the symbols.

Keep your charts in a folder so that as they accumulate (as you make lists of items that start with different letters) you can compare the data–for example, how long it took to gather each set of items. Or–which list has more of something. For example, 7/10 of the items in list b would break if an elephant sat on them, but only 5/10 items in list c would break. Lastly, don’t overlook the opportunity to compare your answers with what mom, dad or a neighbor thinks. After all, it’s not everybody who’s willing to part with a green boot.

Anthony Vecchioni runs http://spaghettiboxkids.com –a site that offers specific strategies, and activities to enhance child learning. Read more About Anthony Vecchioni.

What Is Life Happiness?

Saturday 17 January 2009

We all want to be happy. But what is happiness? Is it the same for everyone? How do we know if we’re happy? And can anyone be happy all of the time? How can we find happiness? These questions come to mind when we speak of life happiness.

Our of life happiness is as individual as the way we perceive hot or cold. It’s sort of the same for all of us, yet it’s different too. No two are exactly alike, so neither can our description of what makes a life happy be the same.

Webster’s says happiness is: A state of well-being and contentment

An online says happiness is:

1. Characterized by ; fortunate

2. Enjoying, showing, or marked by , , or joy

So, if we use these definitions, in order for us to say we are happy we would be fortunate, showing and feeling content. That makes sense. Most of the that we think are happy usually show these characteristics, so lets use this definition and go from there.

Can I have life happiness if I don’t think I’m fortunate? Hmmm, that’s an interesting question isn’t it? Most are happy when they feel fortunate or blessed by , and most who feel unfortunate or feel like they have lots of bad luck are unhappy. BUT, is everything.

A person can break their leg in a skiing accident (bad luck) and still be happy and smiling because they feel blessed and fortunate (probably because they didn’t break both legs!). They might be happy because they know that their leg will heal, and because they were having such fun skiing (up until they ran into the tree at 100 miles/hour!!)! Get the picture?

Or a person could have what most of us would call good and still seem not to have life happiness. There is an art to happiness, and some of us know it and some of us don’t, but we all can learn.

Is life happiness the same for everyone? Probably not, even though the normal of happiness listed above in the definitions probably show up in every person who is happy. Different things make different happy, so happiness and the cannot be the same.

For example: I am a quiet type of person who loves to from and socializes only once or twice a week. You may be a very gregarious person who works in an office full of and lunches with a different person each day and goes to a party every Saturday evening.

We’re both happy, but our lifestyles are very different. Besides that, what you view as something that would produce happiness may not be a priority for me. Maybe it makes you happy to go on wonderful ski twice a year. It might make me happy to go on wonderful in my back yard and to squirrel my away. Both situations are right, and we are both happy.

How do you know if you’re happy? The best way to tell if you are happy is to ask yourself how you are feeling. Really feeling. Do you feel at ease, relaxed and OK with how things are going on a pretty ? Then you’re probably happy. Feel your body. Is your body relaxed, does it feel calm? You’re probably happy.

Remember, happiness doesn’t come from anywhere but inside. If you are in tune with what is right for you, you will be happy. If you are trying to live someone else’s definition of authentic happiness, you probably won’t be.

Can anyone have authentic happiness all the time? Yes! Well, OK, if a terrible tragedy , you probably won’t be happy at that time. But, you can through the tragedy and the accompanying knowing that life happiness can and will return when you’ve taken time to properly allow healing. Otherwise, yes. You can be happy all the time. Maybe not jumping up and down and laughing happy every moment, but peaceful content happy, certainly, and that’s equally valuable. Life’s small irritants come and go each and every day.

We have a choice whether we greet them with a calm or with an angry frown. Either is fine, but the calm will help you navigate life in a more happy state of being, and help you find happiness on a . Remember, the art of happiness has a to do with .

Recent research shows what many of us have long suspected. Happiness, and the pursuit pg oy has more to do with an individual’s and what’s going on inside that person, than , fame, or power. Even though those things may bring a feeling that is like happiness, it is attached to those things. Real happiness is much more attached to how a person perceives life. Luckily, if you are the type of person who has a “glass half empty” outlook on life, you can learn to have a “glass half full” which will gain you happiness.

Winsome’s special topics include Personal Development, Setting goals, Life Happiness and self growth

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The Raven Paradox - How Hempel’s Treatise Questioned the Scientific Process of Inductive Reasoning

Wednesday 14 January 2009

THE RAVEN PARADOX - THE FLAWS IN THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD

HEMPEL’S All use reasoning and at some stage, to create hypotheses and design robust experiments. In a beautiful and elegant treatise, the German philosopher Carl G Hempel, in 1965, showed that there were flaws in these long-established processes. His Raven Paradox called into question the established processes of inductive reasoning, generalization and falsifiability

THE INDUCTIVE HYPOTHESIS Imagine that a scientist, after years of going for long walks in the countryside, observes that every single raven he has ever seen is black. As a dutiful researcher, he uses inductive reasoning to postulate the hypothesis:

“All ravens are black.”

This is a perfectly acceptable conditional hypothesis. , it is testable, because you could sample raven populations and verify that they are all black. The statement is also falsifiable because even one non-black raven amongst the sampled would disprove the hypothesis.

This is all great science, so far, following the established methods of inductive reasoning. The researcher could even design an experiment to sample raven populations, with thousands of ravens observed. If they are all black, the hypothesis is supported and plausible. Over time, repeated experiments and observations further confirm this and the hypothesis becomes accepted as a law.

THE PROBLEM OF GENERALIZATION AND FALSIFIABILITY The first part of the Raven Paradox proposal questions the process of generalization. It is practically impossible to sample every single raven in the world and there may a few non-black individuals. Hempel was not trying to comment upon the exact science, but as an interesting aside, about 1 in 10 000 raven eggs contain partially or fully albino birds.

Most albino birds are more visible to predators, suffer from and may be a localized . The of seeing an albino raven are very small and sightings are extremely rare. A researcher could sample many thousands of Ravens and not see one white bird, even though they do exist.

Thus, the of falsifiability is questioned and undermined by the Raven Paradox. Although the original hypothesis is technically falsifiable, in practical it is very difficult to disprove, because the chances of observing a white Raven are very slim. Even if you sampled the entire known of ravens, there may be an undiscovered group containing a non-black individual.

FLAWS IN THE INDUCTIVE REASONING PROCESS The next part of the Raven Paradox questions the processes of reasoning and deduction that are an integral part of the scientific process. When a researcher states that all ravens are black, the laws of demand that this conditional statement has a contrapositive, statement.

Therefore, according to inductive reasoning, “Everything that is not black is not a raven.” This means that every non-black object observed, that is not a raven, equally strengthens the hypothesis. There are a countless number of non-black objects in the universe and we should pity the poor statistician who has to analyze this!

To take the analogy further, another researcher in another part of world, through fluke, may have only seen one raven in their life, which happened to be white. Their deduced hypothesis may be that “All ravens are white.” Every non-white object, which is not a raven, strengthens this opposing hypothesis too. This is the Raven Paradox.

THE END OF THE SCIENTIFIC PROCESS? What does this paradox mean? Has the world of science come crashing down around our ?

The answer is a resounding NO!

The Raven Paradox is a useful philosophical and helps to ensure that we constantly probe and test the steps of the established scientific processes. The examples given in the paradox are simplistic and unlikely, merely serving as an exercise to test the boundaries of the of science.

In reality, for the vast majority of cases, Hempel’s treatise makes no difference and the normal reasoning and experimental design processes perfectly well. The paradox does not detract from science, but actually enhances it, by preventing from believing that they have proved something beyond .

The Raven Paradox should remind every scientist of the dangers of generalization and that they must ensure that all hypotheses are realistically falsifiable. If the researcher has said, “All ravens in Norway are black”, this is more realistic as ornithologists could feasibly observe every raven in Norway.

PARADIGM SHIFTS Even long-standing theories, which established as laws and immovable paradigms, can be proved incorrect over time. Science is really all about testing probabilities and . If something has a 99% chance of being correct then it should be accepted as the likely explanation.

The chances of someone seeing only one raven in their life, which happens to be white, are tiny. However, this is not the same as impossible and that possibility must never be ignored. This is why all experiments are rigorously validated and reviewed before gaining widespread acceptance, to minimize the effects of the Raven Paradox.

For example, Newton’s laws were accepted as until Einstein’s theories blew them out of the water. In turn, General Relativity is not the answer to fundamental physics and has been superseded by other theories.

This is how science evolves, by challenging and adapting established paradigms and laws. The creation of Chaos Theory was a perfect example of ‘maverick’ chipping away at the established laws until the theory could no longer be ignored. It eventually burst into the public consciousness and fractal appeared as prints on T-Shirts.

Hempel’s Raven Paradox stands to remind us all that no theory, however established, should be immune to challenge or debate. As new evidence is , science must adapt and change to assimilate the new data.

Martyn lives in the beautiful Peloponnese area of Greece and is absorbing the buried deep within the bones of the land.

He specializes in science and articles.

Please find the at http://www.experiment-resources.com

Martyn’s website is at http://www.amethyst-web.net

Public Speaking Training on Presentation Skills - A Beginner’s Guide

Monday 15 December 2008

If you’re new to public speaking, then let’s start with an easy way of understanding presentation skills.

Simply put, presentation skill is the process of efficiently, effectively, and elegantly communicating and transmitting your message to your .

Your message may be simple or complex.

Presentation skills can vary depending on why you’re speaking in the first place and what you’re trying to accomplish: you may be attempting to persuade and influence your , or you may be trying to inspire and enlighten, or you may be required to impart new skills and abilities, or you may just be there to report facts and data.

Depending on what you’re trying to accomplish, you can use various presentation aids such as a flip chart, PowerPoint presentations with a projector or a whiteboard or flip chart.

In some cases nothing at all is just fine, again depending on what you’re trying to accomplish.

The tone of your presentation may be more or less formal depending on the context. If you know everyone in the such as a meeting of coworkers, that’s different than if you’re making a presentation to a group of you’ve never before.

Of course the beginner public speaker may need to deal with stage fright. See my other articles if you have of public speaking.

Presentation skills boil down to using various techniques that are very easy to learn. With a little practice, anyone can become a polished presenter.

The best way to develop terrific presentation skills quickly is simply to take a very good presentation skills (see my articles on how to evaluate public speaking ).

Here are some to help you with your presentation:

* If you use PowerPoint, have a one-page bullet-point outline of your entire presentation in case the computer crashes, the projector doesn’t , or for any you can’t use your PowerPoint presentation.

* Use the “Rule of 3″: distill your presentation down to 3 key points you want to cover. Tell them what you’ll tell them, tell them, and then tell them what you’ve told them: design your presentation in 3 parts: first an overview of your key points, then the details of your presentation, then a summary (basically a recap and repeat of the overview in the beginning).

* “Use the 5 Minute Rule” to conquer stage fright: most of my students report that any lingering of public speaking goes away within the first 5 minutes once they get rolling with their presentation.

* If you use PowerPoint, never read your slides out loud: the can already read them. Just put up that remind you of what you want to talk about.

* Openings and closings are most important: psychologists call it “primacy / recency” but really the last thing you say is the last thing they’ll really hear and remember, so hammer your main points at the end and then say “thank you” and you’re done.

Best of luck in all your public speaking!

David Portney
Author of “129 Seminar Speaking
Found of the Academy of Public Speaking
http://www.bestpublicspeakingtraining.com