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It’s very unusual for this to happen, but …

A sheriff’s deputy managed to win a libel suit this past summer against the Terre Haute, Ind., Tribune-Star.

It’s an interesting case with two twists to it: 1) is a sheriff’s deputy really a “public official,” and 2) what happens when a newspaper truthfully … and fairly … reports a false accusation?

The paper reported that the deputy, Jeff Maynard, was the subject of a sworn allegation of misconduct made by a driver, Sandra Buczek, after a traffic stop. She said Maynard knocked her to the ground with his clipboard and verbally abused her with sexual innuendoes. The paper also reported that the county sheriff doubted the veracity of the allegations, and that Maynard had refused comment. This shows the paper had sought his side of the story.

A state police investigation subsequently found the woman’s allegations to be unfounded … Maynard was not the officer who pulled her over, and her account of the incident was deceptive. The Tribune-Star reported all this under the headline, “Police: Woman Made Up Traffic Stop Story.” It has admitted the allegations were false.

Maynard sued (this was in 2004), and when the case finally came to trial last July, he and his former wife testified that publishing the false allegations had damaged his reputation and caused them emotional distress. The jury agreed, awarding him $500,000 for compensatory damages and a cool $1 million in punitive damages.

The paper plans to appeal, saying the plaintiff hadn’t proven the malice necessary for a finding of libel against a public official, and that allegations of misconduct against these officials are immune from defamation lawsuits.

The standard of proving malice is difficult if not almost impossible as a plaintiff must enter the reporter’s “state of mind” and show he knew the story material was false, or displayed a reckless disregard for the truth. The USA standard is so tough on plaintiffs and easy on the media compared even to legalistically similar countries like Canada and England that some plaintiffs, in this age of the worldwide Internet, now go “libel shopping” to find a more amenable foreign jurisdiction.

For a so-called “private person” in the USA, the libel threshold is easier… you just have to prove negligence. That’s why so much of the battle is over whether the plaintiff is a public or private figure, with the press trying to widen the net as much as possible to get as many people as it can classified as public.

Of course, is a public official only someone who makes public policy, or can it be anyone on the public payroll no matter how lowly … i.e., a sanitation worker? A clerk in the DMV? A jailer? A sheriff’s deputy doesn’t make departmental policy but has power “on the street” … it will be interesting to see if this translates to being a public official.

The Tribune-Star has indicated it will appeal, and that should help its chances … statistics about libel cases are hard to come by as Google searches turn up nothing except for a finding by the Media Law Resource Center in New York that nearly 58 percent of libel cases lose at the trial level or are overturned on appeal… but that doesn’t distinguish between public and private citizens.

Here’s what I hope the appeals judge will do.

– Toss out the punitive damages. It looks like the newspaper tried hard to be fair and thorough in its reporting … so what’s there to punish?

– Keep the $500,000 for compensatory damages, though, for Deputy Maynard … at least most of it. The fact is, the paper printed false information, and quite damaging information. It certainly didn’t intend to, but this is analogous to an automobile accident in which the driver didn’t mean to run down the old lady crossing the street, but did anyway, and must suffer the consequences. What’s more, the paper doesn’t seem to care the slightest bit that the false information it ran hurt the deputy … in fact, its legal brief calls Maynard’s case “clearly erroneous” and “fundamentally misplaced” because it focused on the falsity of the allegations, not on the accuracy of the reporting of false allegations, which is what the paper prefers to emphasize.

– Most importantly, rule that a public official means a policy maker, and the deputy is not a public official. That’s too much of a stretch. When the press engages in these all-too-obvious contortions, it reduces the public’s respect, and I think it’s at least a small part of the reason why newspapers are plummeting in circulation, advertising, staffing and influence. No institution should have unlimited power. An unfavorable libel ruling if upheld for Terre Haute could, ironically, help the press save itself.

Gerry Storch is editor and administrator of http://www.ourblook.com, a political discussion/media analysis website that fills the gap between a blog and a book. In his journalism days, he was a feature writer with the Detroit News and Miami Herald, and an editor with the News and Gannett News Service.

You who read this, may be an engineer, a mechanic, an inventor, a student, or even someone without an engineering background. My observation is that the general public has little knowledge of basic science and even engineers and other professionals often lack in basic insights, in spite of being advanced in their specific fields. This often leads to unfeasible projects and wrong choices, based on wrong assumptions, that no computer can correct.

I myself am a graduated engineer on B.Sc level in both mechanics and electrics. Nevertheless, most of what I know worth knowing as an engineer today, I learned from practical experience and backing it up with own theoretical studies afterwards. It forced me to focus on basics. When you have the basics right, the rest is just methodology, where the computer can be very helpful, but don’t let it “think” for you!

If you have no engineering background, why would you need to have some basic knowledge of all this, you may ask? Well, we live in a technological society and so we are confronted with technological matters and products, that we need to understand the basics of to make proper choices. Ever bought expensive “energy-saving” lamps, while in the same time needing to heat your home? Do you think hydrogen and/or fuel cells are energy sources? Do you think energy can be produced and consumed? Would you invest money in solar panels, or other renewable energy technology for your home? The more these kinds of things apply on you, the more you need to read this article.

The Laws of Newton

The metric, or SI system of units is based on the laws of Newton and so is most of modern mechanics and dynamics. They are essential for basic understanding:

• 1. A mass object persists in its momentary motion to speed and direction, unless it is forced to change it by external forces working on it.
• 2. The acceleration of an object is proportional with the force F working on it and inverse proportional with its mass m. Hence, the acting force is given by: F = m.a
• 3. A force acting on an object, will yield a counter force of the same strength in the opposite direction: action = reaction.

Although these laws sound simple, they are often wrongly applied, or overlooked. Especially the third law appears to be the most fundamental one, still not fully understood by Science and subject for discussions on the highest levels (how can you move a table for example, as it pushes back with the same force?).

Power and Energy.

Power and energy are very often mixed up. For example a lightning, causing a tree to split into half, is very powerful, but it has very little energy, because it lasted only a fraction of a second. Energy is the range of power and time. Power is expressed in Watt and energy in Joule - 1 Watt thus is 1 Joule per second, inversely 1 J = 1 Ws (Watt second). If you during one hour would apply a power of 1000 Watt (1 kW = 1 kJ/s), which approximately is what a flat iron takes, the energy involved is 1 kWh and this is thus equal to 3600 kJ. If you instead would develop that energy in one second, the power becomes 3600 kW, or 3.6 MW - a small power plant! If thus a lightning would have a power of say 10 GW and lasted 1 millisecond (it looks much longer, because of the glowing air around it), it contained an amount of energy of just 10 MJ = 10,000 kJ, not more than 2.8 kWh, or to power a flat iron for around three hours! If you in brochures would read dimensions like kilowatt per hour, or horsepower per hour, you can know that the author has no idea what he/she is talking about.

Energy is also the range of force and traveled way. If you lift up a mass of 1 kg to a height of 1 meter, the force needed for that is the range of mass and gravity acceleration, as per Newton’s second law. On Earth, gravity acceleration is 9.8 meter per second square, which we can round to 10. The lifting force then becomes 10 kilogram meter per second square, which is called the Newton (N) and the work done is then 10 Nm (Newton meter), which is 10 Joule: 1 J = 1 Nm.

The same confusing exists around temperature and energy. What would you rather have in your hand, a 1 inch red glowing sewing needle, or a 4 inch red glowing bolt? Though both have the same temperature, the needle will just cause you a blister, whereas with the bolt, you won’t have a hand any more. The bolt contains much more energy (more mass) than the needle and that makes the difference, not the temperature.

If you would be interested in a solar panel to heat water in your home, the temperature it can yield is therefore not that important. You pay for energy instead and that is what you want to save on. Ideally, a solar water heater should work on a low temperature, so it doesn’t loose too much heat through its insulation and produce a larger water flow instead. You then save more energy = money, because of the higher efficiency on which your solar panel works. To reach your desired water temperature in the kitchen and bathroom, you can heat additionally with say an electrical heater. Combination with a heat pump, also taking up heat from your warm waste water, would give the absolute best results (but high installation costs). Read more about that at the end of this article.

However, manufacturers of solar panels optimize on temperature, which is a good selling argument for the energy-unaware public. At higher temperatures, the size and thus the costs of the whole installation, including storage tank, become lower, which also sells better. They don’t talk very much, or at all about efficiency, being the relationship between how much solar energy hits the solar panel and how much of that you can use in the end. They talk about capacity instead - solar energy is “free”!

Next to consider is Pressure. Usually it is that of a fluid, like a gas. It is expressed in Pascal (Pa) which is force (N) per unit of area and thus 1 Pa = 1 N/sqm (Newton per square meter). Atmospheric pressure at sea level is roughly 100 kPa, thus 100,000 N/sqm. In technical descriptions it is also often called the bar - 1 bar is thus atmospheric pressure. Pressure can also be seen as stress in materials, tension. In the SI system of units, pressure and tension are thus both expressed in Pascal.

Then there is contact-pressure. This is what makes a knife work. The sharper a knife, the smaller its edge area (A) is and for a given force (F), the contact-pressure (F/A) becomes larger, also expressed in Pascal. With this, all units in the SI-system are given. It has only three basic units, the kg for mass, the meter for length/distance and the second for time. No conversions are needed

Circular Motions.

From Newton’s third law follows the perception that on an object in mechanical rotation, two forces are working, a centripetal one, pulling the objects towards the center of rotation, and a centrifugal one, tending to push it out radially away from that center. If the mechanical contact with the center of rotation suddenly is broken, in that very moment no forces are working on the object any longer and thus it will move as per Newton’s first law, meaning it keeps its speed in the direction it had in the moment just before losing contact. That speed was directed tangentially and thus the object will “fly out” in the tangential direction, not radially. In fact, centrifugal forces do not exist, because then there would be no resulting force to keep an object in its circular path - only the centripetal force exists. This is a hot discussion point in Science - Newton’s third law.

Hence, when you are in a car that makes a sharp curve, your body does not push against the inside of the car (centrifugal), but the inside of the car pushes your body into the curve (centripetal). As per Newton’s first law, your body wants to keep its direction of motion, straight ahead, just before entering the curve - it’s called inertia. There is only one force, the centripetal one (free motions in gravitational fields, such as orbits of planets and satellites, are described in General Relativity, which we won’t discuss here).

From this follows the notion of “inertial” systems, which are frames of reference in which Newton’s laws are valid. An accelerated system is thus not an inertial system, because motions described in it, would not follow Newtonian laws. This causes a severe point of confusion, as follows:

If you are an inventor of “fantastic” mechanical machines, your really should understand the implements of impulse. Impulse (p) is the amount of motion, being the range of speed (v) and mass (m), which is equal to the range of working force (F) and the working time (t): F.t = m.v = p. An impulse has a direction, which (kinetic) energy has not and therefore impulses can have a positive or a negative sign between opposite directions of motion. Because impulse is a function of force (the time-derivative of it), Newton’s third law requires that the sum of all impulses of moving components within a system (machine) must be zero. However, many inventors, not being aware of this, “create” a resulting impulse, that accelerates the system.

What they do is mixing up reference systems and impulse with energy. If you consider a mechanical system (machine), that has a certain total mass, but also internally moving parts, the resulting impulse of those parts, the sum of all impulses, will be zero relative the system’s center of gravity, but not necessarily relative a resting frame of reference (an observer) in which the whole system (machine) may be moving (at constant speed). The sum of kinetic energy of all the internally moving parts, is of course a positive value (negative energy is less than nothing). This value is the system’s internal (kinetic) energy. Since this internal energy is needed to keep the internal parts moving, there cannot be any energy left to accelerate the system (machine) as a whole. On the contrary, energy must be applied all the time to overcome the friction that the internally moving parts are subjected to, otherwise they would come to a halt. This applied energy converts to heat.

Sadly, there are several patents on according designs, claiming to be “inertial drives” for space-ships or whatever. Their inventors, some of which may have ruined their private economies on this, were not confident with the basics of dynamics, as outlined above. See some of those unfortunate examples here: http://jnaudin.free.fr/html/IPEmain.htm

Mechanical Engineering Concepts

Now, imagine you had a ball that is perfectly spherical and a table that is perfectly smooth, so when the ball is placed on the table, the contact area becomes a dimensionless point - zero whatever. Then the contact-pressure F/0 becomes infinite, regardless how light the ball is - something must break. No material could withstand an infinite contact-pressure and from this follows that not even with the most fantastic materials, yet to be developed, a frictionless machine could ever be built (that would require ideal point and line contacts).

Some inventors have a problem with that, like a patent I once saw, where a 15 cm (6 inch) diameter cylinder was rotating at 1500 rpm in a somewhat larger cylinder, supported by a number of smaller rollers in the size of just a few millimeters - it looked like a ball-bearing in cross section. These rollers would rotate at roughly 50,000 rpm. You look in any bearing table what the admissible speeds are and you would see that this design exceeds the limits by far; self-destruct through friction!

Another problem that many inventors have is judging leakage potential. Leakage is a function of pressure ratio, not of pressure difference and it varies to the third power with the clearance gap between the boundaries. It means that the same sealing device, that would leak in an however deep submerged submarine, would leak more in a space craft, because there the pressure ratio to vacuum is infinite - many don’t seem to know that. In addition, even less known, is that the best sealing is obtained with a single, unbroken sealing line, ideally a circle.

Therefore, the reciprocating circular piston machine will always prevail over any rotational displacement concept, that contains several broken (discontinuous) sealing lines. These rotational concepts can be used and are used in low-duty applications, where they have their advantages, such as in air-driven hand tools, industrial compressors, etc, but not in heavy-duty combustion engines. This is why the Wankel never became commercial, except a few years in cars from German NSU, that went bankrupt on it in the 1970-ies.

One can see the most ‘horrible’ designs in various patents, the worst I saw being an engine, consisting of a torus shaped tube, with a slot over its inner length to let through a piston rod, attached to a circular piston moving in that torus, while flat plates were sliding radially in and out the torus to form alternate compression and expansion chambers - at best a good cream-wiper (but it got a gold medal in an inventors contest - its glorious funeral)!

Many inventors have tried to find a linear transmission, that can replace the pendulous crankshaft. It has various disadvantages, such as causing vibrations of higher order, but most of all causing side-forces on the pistons, resulting in excessive wear and leakage there. I once read a statement from a development manager at Volkswagen in Germany, that the crank mechanism alone stands for 20% of the fuel consumption. All alternative designs I have seen, indeed convert the linear piston motion into a rotating one on the shaft and without causing side forces on the piston, but instead they generate the same or higher side forces on sliding parts elsewhere in the design, causing excessive friction and wear there - definitely no fuel savings. I have found a design that does not contain any sliding parts, but consists of rotating components only (I got the idea, when I was with my kids in a merry-go-round). Had I only come up with this a good 100 years ago, I could have made it, but now the pendulous crankshaft is so well established in automated production lines, that it can’t be changed any more. I almost hade it made with Compair-Reavel in the UK, around 20 years ago, but also they found it in the end too costly too change their production line - my bad luck!

Thermodynamics

Another basic thing, often misunderstood, is that energy can’t be “used up”. Surely, the gasoline you put in your car is used up, but the energy it developed is still there, to stay around for all eternity. All the chemical energy that was stored in the original fuel, is converted to heat. Firstly at high temperatures in the car’s engine, but then decaying to heat at ambient temperature. The rest is also converted to heat by friction, the tires on the road, the transmission, air resistance, etc. All energy that we “use” with our technology, finally decays to heat at ambient temperature, even the light from your lamps at home does that.

So is there the term “waste heat”, as opposed to “useful heat”.What is useful? Take “energy-saving” lamps for example. If you live in a cold climate, where you have to heat your home, a normal cheap hot glowing light bulb actually delivers 100% useful energy, 5% of which is light, the rest is heat, that helps heating your home, but this is not what you are told. Only the 5% light is brought forward as “useful” and you are told that you are “wasting” 95% with a normal glow bulb. Only in warm climates, especially third-world countries with very expensive electricity, or in cooled rooms, the use of energy-saving lamps makes sense!

The misconception by the public is that useful energy is “consumed” and waste energy is not. The real situation is that the useful energy is just used, but not “consumed” and is wasted after usage just the same. That’s why your energy bill comes back every month - nothing of what you used, is left. Therefore you read everywhere about “energy production” and “energy consumption”, not in the least used by decision makers in energy politics! It indicates that there is no basic understanding in public society, what energy is about and so unfeasible projects are initiated, wasting time and (your tax) money.

The First Law of Thermodynamics says that energy cannot be created (produced), nor destroyed (consumed). We can only convert energy from one form to an other and the Second Law of Thermodynamics says that it all finally must decay to heat at ambient temperature and so it does. Even though many know this, that is end of story for them, as far as the First Law is concerned. However, the scientific definition of the First Law says that if you add energy to a system to bring it in an other condition, you must remove the same amount of energy to bring it back in the original condition. Naturally, because if we could remove more, energy would be created from nothing and if less, energy would disappear into nothing. This formulation has great consequences, as follows:

Let’s consider an ideal hydrogen (water) engine, by which we pour water in it on one side and the same water AND useful mechanical energy comes out on the other side. Because the engine returns the same water as was applied (firstly as steam, but than condensing to water at ambient temperature), there cannot be a net output from the engine - it would have been created from nothing. If there is an output anyway, this means that the according energy had to be applied as well, not only the water. Indeed, we must apply energy to split the water in hydrogen and oxygen. If that could be done at an efficiency of 100% (electrolysis has only 60%), then that energy could appear as mechanical work on the shaft. This then means that the hydrogen only was an energy converter, definitely not an energy source!

Hydrogen does not occur in free form on Earth, like fossil fuels do and therefore hydrogen can never be an energy source. Give me a dollar for every article that says different and I will be well off!If there would be a method to obtain free hydrogen at considerably less energy input than what combustion with oxygen gives in output, yes, then it would become an energy source, but such a method has not yet been found.

Instead of splitting water, hydrogen can be obtained from natural gases, such as methane. It shows however that the overall efficiency of such a hydrogen loop in a combustion engine would have a somewhat lower overall efficiency than using the natural gas (or bio-gas) directly in a combustion engine. Moreover, hydrogen is a very tricky gas to store and to handle. Not only is it very explosive, but it tends to exude through most metals as well. It is very voluminous, around ten times more than air and thus needs to be brought on high pressures to keep the volume down and that takes a lot of compression energy. Liquefying it would even take more energy, plus a temperature problem for storage as well. There are materials that can absorb hydrogen gas at a lower temperature and give it off again at a higher temperature, surely the better way, but also not very cheap and practical in a distribution system. All together, there is no economy in hydrogen engines, but it may have an environmental advantage - the only viable argument for using it, provided the consumer wants to pay the higher costs, do you?

The same can be said from fuel cells, working on hydrogen - they produce water (steam) and need a steady supply offresh hydrogen and oxygen to work continuously- whereto get how? Yes, the energy that fuel cells are supposed to “produce”, originally came from fossil fuels to manufacture the input hydrogen. Can we call that “non-pollutant” energy? A fuel cell is NOT an energy source, just an energy converter.

The importance of using spontaneity in physical processes is largely unknown, because it has to do with entropy, something not explained very well in schools. So I had to learn in practice, by trial and error, that if you want to separate fluids from each other, you must try to find a design by which this happens as spontaneously as possible, for example with “smart” piping, rather than using filters. The more you try to force it about with various design details, the more you will lose in efficiency - you “produce” entropy as it wrongly is called. The more you force about a process (introduce “irreversibilities”, as it is called correctly), the greater the change of entropy is, the lower the efficiency becomes. Entropy is an essential part of the Second Law of Thermodynamics, not to say the whole of it, but yet there is no general agreement among scientists, what entropy actually is - very confusing.

The Second Law is actually not a “real” law, because it is based on observations only, not on any physical principle. This means that if the observations would change, the Second Law would have to change too, but this hasn’t happened yet, which makes it a law. In everyday life we experience that most things don’t happen spontaneously, only accidents, or coincidences in general, do (”Murphy’s Law”). If we want things to happen, we usually have to do work for it. Hence we could formulate the Second Law as: “for free only the Sun goes up”. On the internet, this formulation of the Second Law is widely violated by millions of web sites, trying to let you believe that for a small investment, you can become rich very soon. But that is not engineering (rather “religion”), so I leave you with that.

In engineering, especially when it comes to renewable energy sources, the Second Law is also widely violated, or rather ignored. Oh yes, solar energy is free, but you can’t use it for free, why not? Because it is widely spread in Nature and thus the effort to collect it into one point of usage and to present it in a usable form, is very large and you have to pay for that effort. Using fossil fuels is cheaper and easier and that’s what we do instead. The same would be valid for nuclear power, but there the “environmentalists” have been successful to obstruct it - with thanks from the Arab oil sheiks.

Renewable energy is something the Second Law is very much against, because it wants to spread it out in the environment, not to collect it for our use. Therefore these renewable energy sources are high-entropy ones, meaning you must do a lot of work to make use of them (low efficiency). There is one exception though and that is hydro-electric power. The forces of nature actually do all the work for us, by collecting rain water in high situated reservoirs, ready for us to use; they are low-entropy sources. But also here the “environmentalists” choose to favor the oil sheikhs instead.

Next would be heat pumps, which are inverted refrigerators. A heat pump absorbs heat from the environment, usually from the ambient air, by generating a cold surface there. This surface is small, but it actually collects heat from large, remote areas, brought by the wind. Also here, the forces of nature do the collecting work for us, a second exception on the rule (compare with a storm blowing aside of your wind propeller, without affecting it, or the Sun burning a hole in the ground next to your solar panel, also without affecting it).

The heat pump, as the name says, pumps up the ambient heat to a higher temperature that we can use, for example to heat water. Also its drive power is given off as heat at usage temperature, is thus no loss (where it is in a refrigerator) and so a heat pump can give off between 3 and 4 times more energy than what it takes to run it. If all the billions of dollars that to date and ongoing are wasted on wind propellers and solar collectors of various kinds, would have been used to provide all households with heat pumps, many power plants could have been shut down by now and no more oil would be burned in homes for heating. This however is a truth with modification. A huge polluting industry, likely using fossil fuels, would be behind all those heat pumps, but that would be the same also for wind propellers, solar panels and the production of hydrogen and fuel cells, all having to be financed by the consumers and making profit as well - the Second Law all right:”For free, only the Sun goes up”

Rudolph N. J. Draaisma
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Refrigeration is a surprisingly complex process for what it ultimately does in the end. It takes a lot of electronics and fluids to properly cool your food and resources. All of this is only possible through a number of technological advances that have occurred over the past century. The specifics don’t matter too much to most people, but you should understand just how important refrigeration is for trade and business as a whole.

All advances in refrigeration are through refrigeration engineering ideas. This is actually a fairly complex area since a whole lot goes into the ultimate planning. The cooling can occur through a mixture of cooling and heating liquid. For your average home refrigeration unit, this won’t be too complex of a process thanks to the wonders of modern technology. The refrigerators used by major businesses are a separate issue though. They often require a special installation and design.

It is important that the engineers know what they’re doing when they are designing a system, because a number of the chemicals commonly used in refrigeration are somewhat dangerous to humans. This means that any flaws in the system could have some fairly serious consequences. A number of industrial units use ammonia refrigeration for their cooling fluids. You probably don’t want this leaking out into your factory.

Is there a good reason to have such a high level refrigeration unit installed though. Every business won’t need such a sophisticated unit. I’m sure that a mini-fridge would do for most offices. These refrigeration units are just to facilitate the storage of perishable goods or food so that a day’s work doesn’t go down the drain. This in itself may not seem that interesting, but the advancement is really a sign of advancement. Being able to store one’s goods is a clear sign of industrial advancement and growth. Keeping things from spoiling is one of the most essential aspects of trade. It really shows just how far we’ve come as a society when goods can be shipped halfway across the country without any real issue.

The good news is that there are a number of sources to find a good refrigeration engineer. If you ever need to have industrial refrigeration put into place, then just take a look around for any local contractors who have previous experience. There are also now online resources for you to find and compare local contractors and engineers so that you can get the most bang for your buck.

Caitlina Fuller is a freelance writer. All advances in refrigeration are through refrigeration engineering ideas. This is actually a fairly complex area since a whole lot goes into the ultimate planning. A number of industrial units use ammonia refrigeration for their cooling fluids. You probably don’t want this leaking out into your factory.

Although it will not be easy, avoiding key commercial real estate financing mistakes is likely to eliminate critical commercial mortgage problems that often have disastrous consequences. The combined use of advanced investment strategies and proper precautions is likely to produce improved business finance results.

While we will not be addressing all possible commercial mortgage mistakes in this article, we will include several of the most severe issues to anticipate. The problem areas described below are typically more critical than expected by most business borrowers.

Inexperienced Business Finance Brokers and Lenders -

Commercial mortgage financing has recently become more popular with brokers and lenders that previously focused on residential real estate financing. More and more lenders and brokers are looking for alternative revenue sources due to residential financing difficulties. Many of them are devoting increased attention to business finance and investment loan services.

While this shift might eventually result in a positive outcome for commercial borrowers, the immediate impact is a sudden influx of inexperienced residential mortgage brokers and lenders attempting to provide investment advice for business financing and commercial real estate financing. For most business borrowers, the use of inexperienced business finance advisors will be a mistake of potentially serious proportions. As we have written about extensively, there are approximately 25 major differences between residential financing and commercial financing, and most residential financing experts are simply unprepared for business loan complexities.

SBA Loan Refinancing for a Commercial Mortgage -

Because it is more difficult to refinance an SBA loan or conventional commercial mortgage than many borrowers realize, it is advisable to thoroughly review refinancing options before completing the initial business financing if at all possible. The biggest potential business finance mistake involving an effort to refinance is likely to be an assumption that refinancing can be easily accomplished and whenever the commercial borrower chooses.

In reality most business and commercial mortgage refinancing situations will require less attractive terms than the initial business financing. This is especially true with SBA loan refinancing because the acquisition financing contains features that will not be available when refinancing. Another potentially critical mistake is to overlook short-term business financing options which will eliminate refinancing problems.

A major obstacle to refinancing a commercial mortgage, whether it involves an SBA loan or not, will be prepayment penalties and other financial restrictions that effectively prevent refinancing for several years. Short term possibilities should be considered if a borrower expects that commercial loan refinancing in the first three years of the business financing is likely.

Specialized Commercial Real Estate Investment Property Issues -

With more specialized commercial properties and investments, the potential for serious mistakes increases substantially because of the advanced business financing complexities. There is a more limited choice of commercial real estate financing options due to fewer lenders providing specialized commercial mortgage financing.

From a lending perspective, office buildings, apartments and retail stores are less specialized. This is due to the likelihood that potential users and renters of such properties are more interchangeable than for a business investment involving specialized uses such as a funeral home, golf course and gas station.

The business finance costs for more specialized properties are likely to be more variable and unpredictable than for office buildings, retail stores and apartments. For example, environmental and appraisal requirements for properties such as funeral homes and gas stations will be extensive and time consuming.

Solutions and Strategies for Avoiding Business Financing Mistakes -

The potential business finance mistakes described above can be overcome successfully. It is recommended that business borrowers find sources offering helpful strategies and background information which will provide a comprehensive comfort level for complicated commercial real estate loan factors. Business borrowers should thoroughly discuss business financing options with a business loan expert before refinancing or buying a commercial property or business investment.

Stephen Bush is a commercial real estate investment finance expert. For commercial loan advice and strategies about business opportunity and commercial mortgage loans, please visit AEX Commercial Financing Group => http://aexcommercialfinancing.com

Is paper trading the secret to safe stock market investment for beginners? New to the world of investing and a little worried about making an investment and losing money, maybe you need to look at paper trading. Paper trading is trading that does not involve any capital. It is simply trades that are made on paper only; this makes them a ideal learning tool, much like a study guide.

Paper trading is a way for you to learn how to make decisions and see the consequences of those decisions. You can do all this without every risking a penny of your investment account. Paper trading is fun and an adrenaline rush on its own due to its suspense and surprise. It is different then just reading the Wall Street Journal, because it gets you involved in the process and you get to see what your decisions would do for you. By working with paper trading you will be able to establish a track record, develop a sense of trading discipline, test your strategies, evaluate a new market, and build your confidence.

Due to the fact that paper trading is more of a hands on learning method which allows you to put the knowledge that you are gaining to work for you. It is a preferable option over spending money going to seminars or reading books to get educated in the trading and investing arena. Paper trading does have its disadvantages as well, much like everything. There are the pros and the cons. I don’t want you to go into this thinking that there isn’t a down side.

As with any other learning tool, this type of simulated trading has no way to speed up the process. You may be able to start with historical information but then that makes the process a little more generic and less beneficial to you. Naturally you can’t make money at paper trading. The whole point of you doing this is to not risk your capital. I wouldn’t go as far as to say there are no financial benefits, after all it keeps you from losing money, but you can’t make any either. So it doesn’t improve your financial situation.

The lack of financial risk then also becomes a disadvantage. You are less likely to take it seriously, after all it isn’t real. Think about playing a high stakes game of poker for monopoly money. Do you really care about the cards in your hand and how you are betting? I mean if a wrong decision or bad decision isn’t going to cost you anything then how do you learn the impact of that decision.

Whether or not paper trading makes sense depends on your motive and purpose. If you are new to investing and you goal is to get some experience in using different financial products the paper trading is helpful. If you are using paper trading to dip your feet in the water because you are to afraid to jump in, then paper trading will leave an air of disappointment for you. Because after all you’re hard work with the paper trades, when you have your hard earned cash to stake for your decisions your confidence will quickly run away. There isn’t yet a way to simulate loosing real money that will have the same impact on you as losing real money.

For lots more free information about Paper Trading check out the articles at http://www.stockinvestingforbeginner.com/sitemap.php

To maintain the accounts of any company is a very hectic job. An individual tax mistakes be very much cautious in entering data. A minute mistake may prove fatal. While hiring any accountant, the company studies the capability of the person. Today, many big and small companies prefer offshore accounting because it gives an error free work. Another method of maintaining all the money related affairs of the company is web based accounting. All companies are finding the method very useful. The owner of the company is finding the system beneficent because despite sitting anywhere he can get the entire picture of his company. He gets taxes know all the dealings of his company. Profit and loss of his company is now before his eye.

Web based accounting is a system that resides on a web server. Anybody from any part of the world can access that accounting system with a simple browser, which is required to set up. It helps in running the company. The company need tax mistakes have to pay a large sum of money for the hardware and software. The user only needs to pay a small monthly rental fee. The concept is very much interesting and many companies are implementing it. The advantages of web based accounting are-(1) The administration cost is low, (2) You just need a browser, (3) Cost is low, (4) One can work from home, (5) No back up worries and (6) Applications are up-to-date. The system is a blessing for all the big and small companies. A company can prosper only when the finance of the company is properly maintained.

This performs cash-flow management, customer relation management, inventory control and marketing. It can be operated from any parts of the world. The monthly charge is also very low. It is very easy to implement this system. Firstly, you need to set up a system network. Secondly, you have to select and subscribe to the software. Thirdly, you have to customize the accounting system and lastly, you need to prepare system documentation. This system is a blessing for the small companies because it cut the cost of keeping an accountant. Now, the owner need not have to worry for the accounts of his company because sitting anywhere, he can see how the account of his company is maintained. There is less possibility of any sorts of mistakes.

With the advent of the web based accounting in 1998, the complete process of maintaining account has undergone a massive change. Before implementing it, the companies have to study its pros and cons. Before adopting the system, one should check whether this process would be helpful for his company or not. If it is not useful then he should not adopt the system. Maintaining balance sheet and keeping a record of the profit and loss of the company is a very tough job. If a wrong number is inserted on the balance sheet then the company has to suffer the consequence. Maintain accounting through web is a very easy process and involves less chance of mistake. The user should be very little careful in inserting numbers.

Michelle Barkley is a CPA who advises people on tax preparation and tax calculation.She specializes in bookkeeping outsourcing,Tax return preparation,back office outsourcing and Outsourced Accounting.To know more about Accounting outsourcing services, Web based accounting and to use the services visit http://www.ifrworld.com.

Taxation is a powerful instrument to determine the fiscal policy of a nation and help to build up the economic structure of a country. Tax is a compulsory payment to the government.

Taxation is in the nature of a compulsory levy and there is no quid pro quo between the amount paid and the services provided by the government.

The primary purpose of taxation is the mobilization of resources and canalizing the same for productive investment. Taxation can also be used as a measure to promote equity and reduce disparities or to encourage or discourage consumption of particular items.

Tax structure in India

The system of taxation in India is very much primitive. For development of any nation and for civilization, imposition of tax within the framework of logical tax structure is utmost necessary. On this basis, system of taxation is broadly classified into two categories- Direct Taxes and Indirect Taxes. In fact, direct taxes include those taxes which the taxpayer pays directly on his income, wealth, etc. Direct taxes are mainly Central’s subject except professional tax and Agricultural Income-tax.

The difference between the two types of taxes is that in the case of direct taxes the burden or ‘incidence’ is borne by the tax-payers themselves whereas in the case of an indirect tax, the burden can be shifted to another person.

Authority to collect taxes is conferred on the Central and State Government by the Constitution of out country.

Another feature of the Indian tax structure is the tendency to increase the proportion of indirect taxes. This had come down drastically to 16% by 1991. However, there has been some improvement in the subsequent years. For the year 1998-99 the ratio between indirect and direct taxes was 70:30. It had improved to 62:38 in 2001-02. Even at this rate, the economic consequence is that the burden will fall disproportionately on the poorer section, as indirect taxes, especially on commodities, affect the poorer sections more.

It must, however, be admitted that India’s tax effort since independence has been quite appreciable. The tax to GDP ratio (centre and states together) was 6% in 1950-51. In rose to 11% by 1970-71. Compared to many developing countries, India’s record of resource mobilization through taxes has been satisfactory.

‘Tax’ refers to payment of fund to governmental authorities against which no direct benefits may be expected by the tax payers. The governmental authority of any modern country is found to require huge financial resources to discharge various functions. The functions done by modern government may be of two basic types which are- (i) compulsory functions and (ii) optional functions. Traditional compulsory functions refer to the areas of activities relating to the defence of the country and maintenance of internal law and order. To discharge these compulsory functions any modern government is required to maintain security and police forces. Huge financial resource is essentially required to discharge such functions. Optional functions refer to various activities relating to improvement of socio-economic conditions of the people. In relation to such areas of activities a modern government, based on social welfare concepts is required to spend huge fund for development of economic infrastructure in the form of road and railway development, power generation, telecommunication development, educational and health care development and even implementation of various schemes for development of agricultural and industrial sectors of the country.

Federal Tax Identification Number

All the business has its own image and entity and the tax identification number is used to identify this entity. Simply to be said that it is used to identify employer’s tax accounts. It is also known as Employer Identification Number (EIN) or Taxpayer Identification Number (TIN). The Federal Tax Identification Number or Employer Tax Identification Number or EIN is a nine digit number and it is used to fulfill most of your business needs. It is to be mentioned that, Internal Revenue Service (IRS) assigns the federal tax ID number to identify the business.

The employer, sole proprietor, trust, non profit organization, partnership or other business entities may use this tax ID number. One can easily apply for a new tax identification number though there is already an EIN, due to the changes of ownership or some certain circumstances.

Before applying for EIN either telephone or fax, you have to complete Form SS-4. The federal tax identification number is applied on online also. It is open an avenue to the customer. Therefore you have to fill the form and other necessary criteria through online. You can also collect your Tax ID Number through online. In this whole process there may not be need to registration. The application process is proceeds to fill up the form.

Last of all it is to be said that, a business need a Federal Tax Identification Number or Employer Tax Identification Number, so that they can maintain their own image or entity in the market. It is to be noted that, the tax ID number could not be transfer in case of the transferring of any business. If the structure or ownership would be changed then a new tax ID number is required for the business. But above all you have to collect the relevant information to get an EIN.

Debit cards are often issued when someone opens a checking account. They act like a credit card with a few limitations. They also act as your card for getting money from an ATM. This article will explain how a debit card works, including the main advantage of a debit card and some limitations of this type of card.

A debit card is tied to the funds in your bank account. To this extent it is like a secured credit card. The implications of this are that it will not work if there is no money in your bank account. The credit only extends to you if you have the money in the bank.

This is a good scenario for people that find it hard to manage their money and are tempted to buy things on impulse. Many people get into trouble with credit card debt because there is no check and balance when they are using their credit cards. The consequences become apparent after the purchase when they receive their credit card statement. By this stage they may not have the money to pay for the purchases and will incur payment penalties or interest on the outstanding balance. Debts can quickly get out of control if this continues.

If they were to use a debit card in place of a credit card, the money for the purchase would be debited from their account immediately. This would be fine unless they did not have the funds in the bank account. In this case the transaction would fail and the purchase could not continue. This would be a lesson in money management. The lesson would be compounded as the card would effectively be useless until funds are added to the bank account.

In this way, it would teach a person to think twice about the type of purchases they make and what they are spending their money on. This is the hallmark of financial management and can help get a person out of debt and build a healthy credit balance in their bank account.

If you are choosing to use a debit card to manage your money or curb your debt problems then visit http://www.bankruptcyfixup.com for tips and advice on solving debt problems. Adrian Whittle writes on solving debt problems through prudent money management and solutions like bankruptcy and debt consolidation.

Different people will have different needs for IRS tax forms. Often though, it can be a great chore to fill up the necessary forms. Many people get confused from the very beginning. Finding out the specific forms to fill up is not always easy, but filling up the forms is a must. You either have to do it correctly or suffer the consequences.

There are simple ways for you to get the right forms when you need them. The easiest and surest way to get the right forms is to call the local office that is responsible for IRS taxes. Since they are the experts, they are bound not to make mistakes with sending you the appropriate forms. It would also be a good idea though to surf the net. You can easily download the forms from the official site. Aside from the forms though, the internet also provides you with the opportunity to learn why you need the forms and other important pieces of information.

In any case, it is crucial to remember that the filing of forms have a deadline. You do not want to get into a fix just because you missed the deadline by a few days. If you know that you are particularly at ends with filling up IRS forms, then make sure you make inquiries and research about the forms at the earliest possible time.

There are different forms to consider tax on your need. You have to find out first your particular situation or condition before you can file the right forms. There are many different reasons. Here are some of the most common and basic reasons why people require specific forms from the IRS.

- One of the most common reasons for filing IRS forms is because you have a regular job. Anyone with a regular job needs tax forms. People with jobs usually feel easy with finding the proper forms. Company experts often assist their employees when it comes to finding forms and submitting them on time.

- Those who do not have regular jobs but have other regular sources of income also need tax forms. You can have a typical retail or taxes business. This also covers businesses that may be run and managed electronically or online in the internet. Anything that provides you with income should be documented in a tax form.

- Even those who do not have any regular sources of income may be required to fill some forms. This is so the revenue system can keep track of occasional income sources that you may come across. This is when you may have some trouble finding the right forms because there are no tax experts who will help you for free. You do not have to be in a vacuum though. You can always find out through research how to go about filing your forms.

There is obviously no need to get crazy over IRS tax forms. They are just a fact of life, and not filling them up is not an option. You can always stay ahead of the deadline by finding out what you have to do whenever you have some free moments.

Is it always a headache for you to find and fill out IRS tax forms taxes You can stop by our site and get some valuable tips and guides to help you deal with tax forms. You may also wish to visit our main site for specific information about income tax, sales tax, property tax, etc.